According to Mowrer's 2-factor model ( Mowrer, 1947, 1956), phobias are acquired through classical conditioning (e.g., snake-related trauma) and subsequently maintained through operant conditioning (e.g., avoiding woods to reduce the possibility to meet snakes, and getting relieved by such avoidance). Learning by classical conditioning usually needs repeated pairing of stimuli, but a highly-emotional stimulus can trigger the learning process in a single event learning by operant conditioning is based of rewards and punishments associated (or thought to be associated) with a behavior.
They are traditionally considered a product of conditioning, both classical and operant.
Specific phobias are a prototypical example of emotional dysregulation, being characterized by marked and disproportionate fear for specific objects or situations ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Systematic Review Registration: identifier. We integrate those results with recent bifactorial models of emotional regulation, proposing a new form of exposure therapy whose effectiveness and acceptability should be maximized by a preliminary subliminal stimulation. While not inducing the distress caused by current (supraliminal) exposure therapies, exposure to subliminal phobic stimuli still results in successful extinction of both psychophysiological and behavioral correlates: however, it hardly improves subjective fear.
#SUBLIMINAL STIMULUS SKIN#
Stimulations were found to elicit: (1) cardiac defense responses, (2) specific brain activations of both subcortical (e.g., amygdala) and cortical structures, (3) skin conductance reactions, only when stimuli lasted >20 ms and were administered with intertrial interval >20 s. We systematically review 26 papers investigating subjective, behavioral, and psychophysiological correlates of subliminal exposure to phobic stimuli in phobic patients. 3Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Dipartimento di Specialità cliniche, Pisa, Italy.2National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.1Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.Sergio Frumento 1 †, Danilo Menicucci 1 †, Paul Kenneth Hitchcott 1, Andrea Zaccaro 1 and Angelo Gemignani 1,2,3 *
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